Switzerland, Norway, and Iceland: three nations with deep European roots that remain outside the European Union, despite their geographical and cultural ties. But why? As we delve into their unique histories and political decisions, we'll uncover the reasons behind their choice to stand apart from their EU counterparts. Furthermore, their membership in the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) adds another layer to this intricate relationship. Join us as we also explore their present-day interactions and agreements with the EU, offering a comprehensive understanding of their positions in the European landscape.

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Sources:
Source 1: Nordics, EEC Referenda in Denmark and Norway https://nordics.info/show/artikel/experience-from-the-european-economic-community-referenda-in-denmark-and-norway-1972
Source 2: Systems Change Alliance, Why Norway Refused to join the EU
https://systemschangealliance.org/why-norway-refused-to-join-the-eu/
Source 3: Nordic Labour Journal, The Nordics and the EU http://www.nordiclabourjournal.org/i-fokus/in-focus-2023/the-nordics-and-the-eu/article.2023-03-15.9085757739
Source 4: BBC, Iceland's Fishing Industry
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-36587253
Source 5: Gallup: Largest Portion of Icelanders Favour Joining the European Union
https://grapevine.is/news/2022/03/10/gallup-largest-portion-of-icelanders-favour-joining-the-european-union/
Source 6: Webwire, Credit Suisse Europe Barometer
https://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId=231261
Source 7: Wikipedia, Switzerland - European Union Relations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#Proposals_for_EU_membership
Source 8: Swissinfo, Why Switzerland doesn’t want to join the European Union https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/why-switzerland-doesn-t-want-to-join-the-european-union/47391050
Source 9: Wikipedia, European Single Market
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_single_market
Source 10: Youtube, the European Union Explained
https://youtu.be/O37yJBFRrfg?t=73
Source 11: Wikipedia, EFTA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Free_movement_of_people_within_EFTA_and_the_EU/EEA
Source 12: EFTA, European Free Trade Association
https://www.efta.int/about-efta/european-free-trade-association